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Unix Tutorial 1.2: Command Summary II: More Basic Commands | Print |
  Printing files

 % lpr -P printer_name  filename(s)

Creating a short file very quickly

% cat > filename type text CTRL-d - everything typed until CTRL-d is stored in filename

Seeing contents of a file on the screen

% cat filename entire file
% more filename entire file by pages; RETURN to see one more line, spacebar for a whole page
% less filename entire file by pages; you can move either direction
% head filename first 10 lines of the file
% tail filename last 10 lines of the file
% tail -50 filename both head and tail can take a number of lines

Copying a file

% cp oldfile dir/newfile filenames may contain directories also
% cp ofile1 ofile2 ... ofilen newdirectory copy the files to a different directory with same filenames

Renaming a file

% mv oldname newname give the file a new name
% mv ofile1 ofile2 ... ofilen newdirectory put the files into a different directory

Giving more than one name to the same file

% ln fname name if name is a directory, the link is made so an entry of name occurs in the directory name/fname. A link gives another name to the SAME file. Both names will work to get the file; removing one name does not remove the actual file. The file itself will need link (only be removed when all links are deleted).

Changing file protection

% chmod o-w, u+r fname set fname to be unreadable by others, readable by owner
% chmod a+x allow everyone to execute the file; if a directory, this permits searching. Abbreviations: u=user, o=others, g-group, a=all, r=read, w=write, x=execute, + adds permission, - removes it.

Compiling a C program

% cc progname.c - a.out [ executable file ] Source must end in .c
% cc -o exfilename progname - exfilename [ executable file ]

Input/Output Redirection

Redirection works for compiled programs and Unix commands

% command < inputfile Take input from file instead of keyboard.
% a.out > outputfile Write output to file instead of screen.
% a.out < inputfile > outputfile Read from a file and write to a file.

Communicating with others in the Unix Operating System

% mail Read and reply to messages.
% mail user1 Send message to user1. A list of users may be given.
% mail user1 < fname Send the file fname to the user(s) listed.
% write otheruser Sends message to someone currently logged on. Type the message, ending with CTRL-d.
% talk otheruser Split-screen messages to and from someone currently logged on.
% mail laurel:csc123456789 Send mail to someone at their Unix account.

Piping the output of one command as the input to another command

% command1 | command2 | command3

Control Characters

CTRL-C Terminates a process.
CTRL-D End-of-text character; logout; end a process.
CTRL-Z Suspends a process (can be restarted).